Bromelain

Bromelain is a complex of proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes extracted primarily from pineapple stems, with smaller amounts found in the fruit itself. This enzyme complex has been used therapeutically since the 1950s and has accumulated substantial research supporting its anti-inflammatory, digestive, and immune-modulating properties.

Unlike many plant extracts that work through unknown mechanisms, bromelain's effects are well-understood: it breaks down proteins, reduces inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and enhances the absorption of other compounds. The enzyme is measured in activity units (GDU or MCU), with higher numbers indicating greater potency.

Bromelain is well-tolerated by most people, with side effects typically limited to mild gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, or nausea when taken on an empty stomach. Allergic reactions are rare but possible, particularly in individuals allergic to pineapples, latex, or certain pollens (birch, grass, cypress).

At high doses (over 1000 mg daily), bromelain may increase bleeding risk due to its effects on platelet aggregation. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those scheduled for surgery should discontinue use 2 weeks prior. The enzyme may also cause skin irritation if handled directly in powder form.

• Anticoagulants: May enhance effects of warfarin, heparin, and antiplatelet drugs, increasing bleeding risk • Antibiotics: Can increase absorption of amoxicillin, tetracycline, and other antibiotics • ACE inhibitors: Theoretical interaction that could increase hypotensive effects • Sedatives: May potentiate effects of CNS depressants (limited evidence) • Chemotherapy drugs: May enhance absorption of certain cancer medications

For Digestion: 200-500 mg (1200-1800 GDU) with meals to aid protein breakdown and reduce bloating.

For Inflammation: 500-1000 mg (2400-3600 GDU) between meals on an empty stomach for systemic anti-inflammatory effects.

For Sinusitis: 500 mg three times daily between meals, based on clinical studies.

Activity Units: Look for products standardized to 1200-3000 GDU (gelatin digesting units) or 1800-4500 MCU (milk clotting units) per dose. Higher activity units are generally more effective.

Bromelain supplements typically cost $10-20 monthly for therapeutic doses. Prices vary based on enzyme activity units and purity. Higher-potency products with 2400+ GDU per capsule offer better value despite higher upfront cost. Generic brands may have lower activity levels despite similar milligram amounts.